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The CES-D Scale
A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population
Lenore Sawyer Radloff
Center for Epidemiologic Studies National Institute of Mental Health
The CES-D scale is a short self-report scale designed to measure depressive symptomatology in the general population. The items of the scale are symptoms associated with depression which have been used in previously validated longer scales. The new scale was tested in household interview surveys and in psychiatric settings. It was found to have very high internal consistency and adequate test- retest repeatability. Validity was established by pat terns of correlations with other self-report measures, by correlations with clinical ratings of depression, and by relationships with other variables which support its construct validity. Reliability, validity, and factor structure were similar across a wide variety of demographic characteristics in the general population samples tested. The scale should be a useful tool for epidemiologic studies of de pression.
Applied Psychological Measurement, Vol. 1, No. 3,
385-401 (1977)
DOI: 10.1177/014662167700100306

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G. L. Burrell and M. W. Roosa
Mothers' Economic Hardship and Behavior Problems in Their Early Adolescents
Journal of Family Issues,
April 1, 2009;
30(4):
511 - 531.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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J. Lounds Taylor
Midlife Impacts of Adolescent Parenthood
Journal of Family Issues,
April 1, 2009;
30(4):
484 - 510.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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K. K. Hood
The Influence of Caregiver Depressive Symptoms on Proxy Report of Youth Depressive Symptoms: A Test of the Depression-Distortion Hypothesis in Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes
J. Pediatr. Psychol.,
April 1, 2009;
34(3):
294 - 303.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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M. M. Hilgeman, D. W. Durkin, F. Sun, J. DeCoster, R. S. Allen, D. Gallagher-Thompson, and L. D. Burgio
Testing a Theoretical Model of the Stress Process in Alzheimer's Caregivers With Race as a Moderator
Gerontologist,
April 1, 2009;
49(2):
248 - 261.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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R. Pruchno, M. Wilson-Genderson, and F. Cartwright
Self-Rated Health and Depressive Symptoms in Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease and Their Spouses: A Longitudinal Dyadic Analysis of Late-Life Marriages
J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci,
March 12, 2009;
(2009)
gbp006v1.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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D. E. Bailey Jr., L. Landerman, J. Barroso, P. Bixby, M. H. Mishel, A. J. Muir, L. Strickland, and E. Clipp
Uncertainty, Symptoms, and Quality of Life in Persons With Chronic Hepatitis C
Psychosomatics,
March 1, 2009;
50(2):
138 - 146.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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D. J. Hubbard and J. Pealer
The Importance of Responsivity Factors in Predicting Reductions in Antisocial Attitudes and Cognitive Distortions Among Adult Male Offenders
The Prison Journal,
March 1, 2009;
89(1):
79 - 98.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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E. Banou, S. E. Hobfoll, and R. D. Trochelman
Loss of Resources as Mediators between Interpersonal Trauma and Traumatic and Depressive Symptoms among Women with Cancer
J Health Psychol,
March 1, 2009;
14(2):
200 - 214.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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S. E. Hampson, L. R. Goldberg, T. M. Vogt, T. A. Hillier, and J. P. Dubanoski
Using Physiological Dysregulation to Assess Global Health Status: Associations with Self-rated Health and Health Behaviors
J Health Psychol,
March 1, 2009;
14(2):
232 - 241.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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J. A. Stein, A. M. Nyamathi, and J. I. Zane
Situational, Psychosocial, and Physical Health--Related Correlates of HIV/AIDS Risk Behaviors in Homeless Men
American Journal of Men's Health,
March 1, 2009;
3(1):
25 - 35.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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