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The CES-D Scale
A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population
Lenore Sawyer Radloff
Center for Epidemiologic Studies National Institute of Mental Health
The CES-D scale is a short self-report scale designed to measure depressive symptomatology in the general population. The items of the scale are symptoms associated with depression which have been used in previously validated longer scales. The new scale was tested in household interview surveys and in psychiatric settings. It was found to have very high internal consistency and adequate test- retest repeatability. Validity was established by pat terns of correlations with other self-report measures, by correlations with clinical ratings of depression, and by relationships with other variables which support its construct validity. Reliability, validity, and factor structure were similar across a wide variety of demographic characteristics in the general population samples tested. The scale should be a useful tool for epidemiologic studies of de pression.
Applied Psychological Measurement, Vol. 1, No. 3,
385-401 (1977)
DOI: 10.1177/014662167700100306

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S. D. Lamborn and K. Groh
A four-part model of autonomy during emerging adulthood: Associations with adjustment
International Journal of Behavioral Development,
September 1, 2009;
33(5):
393 - 401.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
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R. W. Law and D. A. Sbarra
The Effects of Church Attendance and Marital Status on the Longitudinal Trajectories of Depressed Mood Among Older Adults
J Aging Health,
September 1, 2009;
21(6):
803 - 823.
[Abstract]
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A.J. M. Schwichtenberg and J. Poehlmann
A Transactional Model of Sleep-Wake Regulation in Infants Born Preterm or Low Birthweight
J. Pediatr. Psychol.,
September 1, 2009;
34(8):
837 - 849.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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A. S. Vogt Yuan
Sibling Relationships and Adolescents' Mental Health: The Interrelationship of Structure and Quality
Journal of Family Issues,
September 1, 2009;
30(9):
1221 - 1244.
[Abstract]
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J. F. Bean, D. K. Kiely, S. LaRose, E. O'Neill, R. Goldstein, and W. R. Frontera
Increased Velocity Exercise Specific to Task Training Versus the National Institute on Aging's Strength Training Program: Changes in Limb Power and Mobility
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci,
September 1, 2009;
64A(9):
983 - 991.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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G. B. Ploubidis and E. Grundy
Later-Life Mental Health in Europe: A Country-Level Comparison
J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci,
September 1, 2009;
64B(5):
666 - 676.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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F. D. Wolinsky, H. W. Mahncke, M. W. V. Weg, R. Martin, F. W. Unverzagt, K. K. Ball, R. N. Jones, and S. L. Tennstedt
The ACTIVE Cognitive Training Interventions and the Onset of and Recovery from Suspected Clinical Depression
J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci,
September 1, 2009;
64B(5):
577 - 585.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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O. F. Pomerleau, C. S. Pomerleau, S. M. Snedecor, R. Finkenauer, A. M. Mehringer, S. A. Langenecker, and E. J. Sirevaag
Substance use, trait measures, and subjective response to nicotine in never-smokers stratified on parental smoking history and sex
Nicotine Tob Res,
September 1, 2009;
11(9):
1055 - 1066.
[Abstract]
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R. F. Munoz, A. Z. Barrera, K. Delucchi, C. Penilla, L. D. Torres, and E. J. Perez-Stable
International Spanish/English Internet smoking cessation trial yields 20% abstinence rates at 1 year
Nicotine Tob Res,
September 1, 2009;
11(9):
1025 - 1034.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
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J. P. Carvalho and D. R. Hopko
Treatment of a Depressed Breast Cancer Patient With Problem-Solving Therapy
Clinical Case Studies,
August 1, 2009;
8(4):
263 - 276.
[Abstract]
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H. Choi, L. Fogg, E. E. Lee, and M. Choi Wu
Evaluating Differential Item Functioning of the CES-D Scale According to Caregiver Status and Cultural Context in Korean Women
Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association,
August 1, 2009;
15(4):
240 - 248.
[Abstract]
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P. J. Rottinghaus, N. Jenkins, and A. M. Jantzer
Relation of Depression and Affectivity to Career Decision Status and Self-Efficacy in College Students
Journal of Career Assessment,
August 1, 2009;
17(3):
271 - 285.
[Abstract]
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C. M. Wienke Totura, C. MacKinnon-Lewis, E. L. Gesten, R. Gadd, K. P. Divine, S. Dunham, and D. Kamboukos
Bullying and Victimization Among Boys and Girls in Middle School: The Influence of Perceived Family and School Contexts
The Journal of Early Adolescence,
August 1, 2009;
29(4):
571 - 609.
[Abstract]
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F. Ahmad, S. Hogg-Johnson, D. E. Stewart, H. A. Skinner, R. H. Glazier, and W. Levinson
Computer-Assisted Screening for Intimate Partner Violence and Control: A Randomized Trial
Ann Intern Med,
July 21, 2009;
151(2):
93 - 102.
[Abstract]
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